blockchain security Archives

Cross-Chain Bridges vs Messaging Protocols: Exploits & Fixes

March 29, 2026March 14, 2026 by Panji Yudian

Visualization of digital bridge connecting two blockchains with hacker breach on one side and secure messaging nodes on the other.

Blockchains were designed as isolated systems. Bitcoin cannot natively read Ethereum’s state, and Ethereum cannot directly verify transactions on other chains without external mechanisms. As decentralized finance expanded, the need to move assets across chains created a new class of infrastructure: cross-chain bridges. Unfortunately, bridges also became the single largest attack surface in the crypto … Read more

Modular Blockchain Architecture: Data Availability Layer Explained

March 29, 2026February 25, 2026 by Panji Yudian

Diagram illustrating a modular blockchain with separate consensus, execution, and data availability layers

The rise of modular blockchain designs has transformed the scalability and architecture of decentralized networks. Unlike monolithic chains, modular blockchains separate consensus, execution, and data availability into specialized layers. Among these, the Data Availability Layer (DAL) plays a critical role in ensuring that blocks can be securely verified and reconstructed by all participants without overwhelming … Read more